Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pengelolaan Kelas

Dalam pengertian yang kedua ini, maka ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi perwujudan pengelolaan kelas yaitu :

a. Kurikulum
Kurikulum kaitannya dengan pengelolaan kelas seperti pengertian diatas haruslah di rancang sebagai jumlah pengalaman edukatif yang menjadi tanggung jawab sekolah dalam membantu anak-anak mencapai tujuan pendidikannya, yang diselenggarakan secara berencana dan terarah serta terorganisir, karena kegiatan kelas bukan sekedar dipusatkan pada penyampaian sejumlah materi pelajaran atau pengetahuan yang bersifat intelektualistik, akan tetapi juga memperhatikan aspek pembentukan pribadi, baik sebagai makhluk individual dan makhluk social maupun sebagai makhluk yang bermoral.

Pada sekolah madrasah Ibtida’iyah, kurikulum pada tingkat MI harus dirancangkan untuk untuk memungkinkan diselenggarakannya kegiatan kelas dalam memenuhi kebutuhan melakukan eksplorasi dan ekspenmentasi guna memeberikan pangalaman intelektual dan social yang terpadu dalam rangka realisasi diri. Oleh karena itu disamping aspek materi pengetahuan diperlukan program kelas untuk memenuhi perbedaan minat bakat dan kemampuan murid. Program tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui aspek-aspek kependidikan dibidang kesenian termasuk kesejahteraan keluarga, tekhnik, olahraga, kepramukaan dan kesehatan pada kelas-kelas terakhir sekolah menengah tingkat atas programnya harus dirancangkan untuk membantu anak-anak mewujudkan diri dalam memasuki masyarakat sebagai orang dewasa. Program itu antara lain harus diarahkan untuk memeberikan keterampilan tertentu guna memasuki lapangan kerja tingkat menengah atas disamping program untuk memeprsiapkan para remaja agar menjadi warga Negara yang memahami dan mampu menjalankan hak dan kewajibannya.

b. Gedung dan Sarana Kelas / Sekolah
Perencanaan dalam membangun sebuah gedung untuk sebuah sekolah berkenaan dengan jumlah dan luas setiap ruangan, letak dan dekorasinya yang harus disesuaikan dengan kurikulum yang dipergunakan. Akan tetapi karena kurikulum selalu dapat beruabh. Sedang ruangan atau gedung bersifat permanen, maka diperlukan kreativitas dalam mengatur pendayagunaan ruang / gedung yang bersedia berdasarkan kurikulum yang dipergunakan. Dalam konteks ini kepandaian guru dalam pengelolaan kelas sangat dibutuhkan.

c. Guru
Hadari Nawawi menyatakan guru adalah orang yang bekerja dalam bidang pendidikan dan pengajaran yang bertanggung jawab dalam memebnatu anak dalam mencapai kedewasaan masing-masing. Guru dalam pengertian tersebut bukan sekedar berdiri didepan kelas untuk menyampaikan materi atau pengetahuan tertentu, akan tetapi dalam keanggotaan masyarakat yang harus aktif dan berjiwa bebas serta kreatif dalam mengarahkan perkembangan anak didiknya untuk menjadi anggota masyarakat sebagai orang dewasa.
d. Murid
Murid sebagai unsur kelas memiliki perasaan kebersamaan (Sense Of kolektive) merupakan kondisi yang sangat penting artinya bagi terciptanya kelas yang dinamis. Oleh karena , setiap murid harus memiliki perasaan diterima (Sense of membershif) terhadap kelasnya agar mampu ikut serta dalam kegiatan kelas. Perasaan inilah yang akan menumbuhkan rasa tanggung jawab (Sense of respsibility) terhadap kelasnya.

e. Diamika kelas
Kelas adalah kelompok sosial yang dinamis yang harus dipergunakan oleh setiap wali atau guru kelas untuk kepentingan murid dalam proses kependidikannya. Dinamika kelas pada dasarnya berarti kondisi kelas yang diliputi dorongan untuk aktif secara terarah yang dikembangkan melalui kretifitas dan inisiatif murid sebagai suatu kelompok, untuk itu setiap wali atau guru kelas harus berusaha menyalurkan berbagai saran, pendapat, gagasan, keterampilan, potensi dan energi yang dimiliki murid menjadi kegiatan-kegiatan yang berguna. Dengan demikian kelas tidak akan berlangsung secara statis, rutin dan membosankan.

Analysis of the lexical meaning of An Original Soundtrack of Little Mermaid Movie titled ‘Under The Sea’

A.    The Song Lyrics
Listen it
We’re the animal sea
Check it out
The seaweed is always greener
In somebody else's lake
You dream about going up there
But that is a big mistake
Just look at the world around you
Right here on the ocean  floor
Such wonderful things surround you
What more is you lookin' for?

Under the sea (2x)
Darling it's better
Down where it's wetter
Take it from me
Up on the shore they work all day
Out in the sun they slave away
While we devotin'
Full time to floatin'
Under the sea

Down here all the fish are happy
As off through the waves they roll
The fish on the land ain't happy
Being the slave of the chef
And chef has been prepared the cooking and dining set   
They sad 'cause they’re  in their bowl
But fish in the bowl is lucky
They in for a worser fate
One day when the boss get hungry
Guess who's gonna  be on the plate

Under the sea (2x)
Nobody beat us
Fry  us and eat us
In fricassee
We what the land folks loves to cook
Under the sea we off the hook
We got no troubles (difficult situation, worry)
We got no problems
Life is the bubbles
Under the sea
Under the sea
Since life is sweet here
We got the beat here
Naturally
Even the sturgeon an' the ray
They get the urge  'n' start to play
We got the spirit
You got to hear it
Under the sea

Oh, yeah…prepare your musical instrument!
The newt play the flute
The carp play the harp
The plaice play the bass
And they soundin' sharp
The bass  play the brass
The chub play the tuba
The fluke is the duke of soul
(Yeah)
The ray he can play
The lings on the strings
The trout  rockin' out
The blackfish  she sings
The smelt  and the sprat
They know where it's at
An' oh that blowfish blow

Under the sea (2x)
When the sardine
Begin the beguine
It's music to me
What do they got? Too lot of sand
we got a hot crustacean band
Each little clam here
know how to jam here
Under the sea
Each little slug here
Cuttin' a rug here
Under the sea
Each little snail here
Know how to wail here
That's why it's too hot
Under the water
Ya we in luck here
Down in the muck here
Under the sea

B.    The Analysis
1.    Denotation
Denotation is the meaning of word which is primarily refers to the real world and this is often the definition that is given in dictionary.

2.    Connotation
Connotation arise as words become related with certain characteristic of item to which they refer, or the association of positive or negative feelings to which they evokes, which may or may not be indicated in the dictionary definition. The positive connotation in the lyrics is ‘muck’, in the lyric ‘Down in the muck here’, the dictionary definition of ‘muck’is ‘the condition that is unpleasant’, but here the meaning of ‘muck’ is the condition which even live under the sea with all creatures there is very noisy but it makes them happy because they always have fun together.

3.    Ambiguity
     A word or a sentence is ambiguous if it can be undrstood or interpreted in more than one way (Fromkin et.al, 1990). The different words having same form or pronunciation may cause ambiguity among listeners or readers who do not pay attention to their context carefully. Among the different words having same form or pronunciation are:
a.     Homonyms (different words having same form)
·    slave ( a person who is legally owned by another person)
       slave (work very hard)   
·    bass (an electric guitar that plays very low note)
   bass ( a sea or freshwater fish that is used for food)
·    slave ( a person who is legally owned by another person)
slave (work very hard)   
·    bass (an electric guitar that plays very low note)
bass ( a sea or freshwater fish that is used for food)
b.    Homophones (different word which are pronounced the same)
·    To (used before the base form of a verb to show that the verb is the infinitive. The infinitive is used after many verbs and also many nouns and adjectives)
        Too (used before adjectives and adverbs to say that sth is more that is good, necessary,   possible)

4.    Antonym
The word antonym derives from the Greek root anti- (‘opposite’) and denotes oposition in meaning. In contrast to synonymy and hyponymy, antonymy is a binary relationship that can characterize a relationship between only two words at a time. Terms A and B are antonyms if, when A describes a referent, B cannot describe the same referent, and vice versa. The antonyms found in this song lyrics are:
·    happy (feeling or showing pleasure) >< sad (uhappy or showing unhappiness)
·    up (moving upwards) >< down (to force something down)
·    land (the surface of the earth that is not  sea) >< sea (the salt water that covers most of the earth’s surface and surrounds its continents and island)   

5.    Synonym
Two words are said to be synonymous if they mean the same thing. To addres the notion of synonymy more formally, we can say that term A is synonymous with term B if every referrent of A is a referent of B and vice versa. The synonyms found in this song lyrics are:
·    listen = hear (to be away of sounds by your ears or to pay attention to somebody/something that you can hear)
·    ocean = sea (the mass of salt water that covers most of the earth’s surface and surrounds its continents and island)
·    troubles = problems (difficult situation, worry)   
·    slug = snail (a small soft creature, with or without a hard round shell on its back, that moves very slowly and often eats garden plants )



6.    Hyponymy
A hyponym is a subordinate, specific term whose referent is included in the referent of a superordinate term and the relationship between each of the lower term (hyponym) and the higher term (superordinate) is called hyponymy.
·    cook (to prepare food by heating it, for example by boliling, baking or frying it) is superordinate of fry (to cook something in hot fat or oil)
·    fish is superordinate of :
a.    sturgeon (a large sea and freshwater fish that lives in nothern region . Strurgeon are used for foods and the eggs (called caviar) are also eaten)
b.    ray ( a seafish with a large broad flat body and long tail that is used for food)
c.   carp (a large freshwater fish that is used for the food)
d.   plaice ( a flat sea fish that is used for food)
e.   bass ( a sea or freshwater fish that is used for food)
f.    chub (a freshwater fish with athick body)
g.   fluke (a flat fish)
h.   ray ( a sea fish with a large broad flat body and long tail that is used for food)
i.    trout (a common freshwater fish that is used for food. There are several types of trout: rainbow trout, trour fishing)
j.    blackfish (a fish in a black coloured)
k.   smelt (a small fish bait)
l.    blowfish
n.   sprat (a very small European sea fish that is used for food)
o.   sardine (a small young sea fish that is either eaten fresh or preserved in tins/cans)
·    animal is superordinate of:
a.    fish (sturgeon, ray, carp, plaice, bass, chub,  fluke, ray, trout, blackfish, smelt blowfish, sprat, sardine)
b.    crustacean (any creature with a soft body that is divided into sections, and a hard outer shell. Most crustaceans live in water)
c.    clam (a shellfish that can be eaten. It has a shell in two parts that can open and close) 
d.    slug (a small soft creature, a snail with without a shell, that moves very slowly and often eats garden plants )
e.    snail (a small soft creature with a hard round shell on its back, that moves very slowly and often eats garden plants)
f.    newt (a small animal with short legs, a long tail and a cold blood, that lives both in water and on land)
·    dining set is superordinate of:
a.    bowl (a deep round dish with a wide open top, used specially for holding food or liquid)
b.    plate (a flat, usually round, dish that you put on)   
·    musical instrument is superordinate of:
a.    flute ( a musical instrument of the wood-wind group shaped like a tin pipe. The player holds it sideways and blows across a hole at one end)
b.    bass (an electric guitar that plays very low note)
      c.    harp (a large musical instrument with strings streched on vertical frame, played with the fingers)
d.    brass (the musical instrument made of metals, such as trumpets or french horns, that form a band or section of an orchestra)
e.    tuba ( a large brass musical instrument that you play by blowing, and that produces low notes)

7.  Polysemy
Polysemy (or multiple meaning) is a property of single lexemes; and this is what differentiates it, in principles, from homonymy.

EYL; Characteristics of Young Learner

     The art of teaching is essentially an art to evoke the natural curiosity of young minds (Anatole France, 20th century).

Young Learners (YLs) refer to children from the ages of four to twelve. Increasingly, though, children as young as three are being formally introduced to English as a foreign language. According to Sarah Phillips (1993), young learners are children from the first year of formal schooling (five or six years old) to eleven or twelve years of age. However, as any children's teacher will know, it is not so much the children's age that counts in the classroom as how mature they are. There are many factors that influence children's maturity: for example, their culture and environment (city or rural), sex, the expectations of their peers and parents.

Young children do not come to the language classroom with empty hand. They bring a well-established set of instincts, skills and characteristics which will help them to learn another language. We need to identify those and make the most of them. For example, children characteristics are curious, outspoken, active, inquisitive nature, and like to move around.
While they are skilled in:
- being very good at interpreting meaning without necessarily understanding the      individual words;
- having great ability in using limited language creatively;
- frequently learning indirectly rather than directly;
- taking great pleasure in finding and creating fun in which they do;
- creating  a ready imagination.

Communication by Written language

Written language is used in formal form and informal form. In formal form of written language,  you must follow the characteristic of writing, like when you  write a paper or letters. When you write in informal forms like on chatting and sending sort message, there is no penalty for spelling and punctuation errors. 

To write speech communication, please try not to use words you are not comfortable pronouncing or do not know the meaning of because it can lead to a less fluently delivered speech. Written texts are typically not perceived and interpreted at the same times and places. The written texts can be used in different ways, re-employed, duplicated, distributed to particular persons or groups in new situations, and these activities can be regarded as proper communicative acts. A written text and its components parts (letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs) have the character of objects; they are persistent but not temporally organized.

 Characteristics of Written Language
a.    Vocabulary
In both of languages always need vocabulary, but in writing neede letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs.
b.    Grammar
Grammar is always being needed in any kinds of language even in writing or speech even less in written language.
c.    Punctuation
There must be punctuations in written language that the use is the same with intonation in spoken language.

Sejarah NII dan Ideologinya

Akhir-akhir ini, masyarakat kita kembali digemparkan dengan aksi pencucian otak terhadap  mahasiswa. Diduga bahwa gerakan NII berada dibalik kejadian tersebut. Keberadaan gerakan ini kembali menjadi sorotan setelah ditemukan beberapa mahasiswa hilang.

 

Nah, apa sih NII itu? 

Buat kalian yang baru tahu keberadaannya, NII (Negara Islam Indonesia) adalah gerakan politik yang didirikan oleh  Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo pada 7 Agustus 1949 di Desa Cisampah, Kecamatan Ciawiligar, Kawedanan Cisayong, Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat. Gerakan ini menginginkan Indonesia berideologi Islam. Mereka mengklaim bahwa sejak perang dengan Belanda, indonesia sudah menjadi sebuah negara Teokratis yang berlandaskan hukum Islam sehingga diwajibkan bagi negara untuk merumuskan suatu hukum yang bersumber dari syariat agama Islam.

Dalam perkembangannya, NII ini sebenarnya bersikap anti komunis dan juga anti kapitalis. NII menjamin kebebasan beribadat bagi yang non-muslim, tetapi memutuskan hukukuman mati bagi berbagai tingkat kemurtadan dan kemunduran iman oleh kaum Muslimin.

Adapun menurut peneliti Terorisme Indonesia, Noor Huda Ismail, NII sekarang cenderung ambisius alias menghalalkan cara demi mewujudkan harapan terbentuknya negara islam yang diidam-idamakan. Para perekrut anggota gerakan NII saat ini juga sudah menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan zaman untuk menutupi pergerakan mereka dari aparat penegakan hukum di Indonesia