The Design of Discourse Production

There will be three process of producing utterances based on Carlk: propositional content, illocutionary content, thematic structure
a.    Propositional content
Propositional content determines what proposition the speaker should utter how the speaker establish and classify a word to another. If the speaker wants to describe a sequence of related events, then the sequening and relation between the events must be a part of plan or propositional representation.” A young girl is standing beside an old man”, so we classify what word should we use to depict what we imagine or see. It could be a girl, a girl who is young, a man, a man who is old.
b.    Illocutionary content
Illocutionary content is on how and what that meaning of utterance is uttered. It could be representative or directive sentence.
e.g :  a. Ada rokok, nggak?
          b. Beri aku rokok
it would be possible to ask anyone a cigarette by ordering first sentence than another while a sentence is in the form of question.
An utterance that will be produced also influences by any factors allied to social status, age, relationship/kinship, and familiarity between the speaker and interlocutors. The language uses will be different.
c.    Thematic structure. 
A thematic structure has close relation to the grammatical function and semantic in sentence usage. A speaker chosees and produces a subject and object that will be used.

General steps to produce language

The process of producing language can be divided into four steps. First is message, where the message that will be presented is processed. Second is functional, where lexical form is identified. Third is positional, where the constituent is formed and affixations are done. Fourth is phonology, where the structure of phonology has been formed.
In first step (message) the speaker collected any information related to the subject. Let see to the example below;
(1)    Egi is watching TV.
Something comes to the speaker mind will be that Egi is a people, this people is a male, he has a television, he is doing a deed, and the deed is watching television.
    In second step (functional), something which is processed in this part is two things. First is choosing lexical which is appropriate with the message that will be delivered, and grammatical information for each lexical. For example is that from many male that the speaker knows, Egi is someone that the speaker aimed, and Egi is the name of this male. The deed which is done is followed by the verb of “watch”, between two arguments Egi and television, Egi is the doer and television is as the recipient.
Second step of functional step is giving function to the words which are chosen (grammatical encoding). This process is related to grammatical and syntactical function. In the example (1) Egi must be related to the function of subject and television as the object.
In third step (positional), the form of lexical is organized for the utterance which will be delivered. This organizing is based on unit of meaning. The word “Egi” is fused by “is watching” not “watching”. It will have no meaning if the word “Egi” is fused by “watching”. If the organizing finished then the relevant affixations is processed (fourth step). The word “watch” is fused by “ing” as inflectional, an affix which has the meaning of continuous event (grammatical encoding).
In forth step (phonological encoding), the result of this process is transferred to phonological step to realize it in utterance form. In this part the phonological rule is applied, such as the phoneme of “watch” should be “wac” not “waj” etc.

Language production

When we are speaking, we do not recognize that how difficult actually when we produce speaking. It seems that it is very easy to line up the words each other without thinking. We feel this thing commonly in our daily conversation with friends, neighbor, and our classmate. Something like this is usual because we are as mother tongue speaker do not aware that actually we need a process to do it.
    To produce language we need appropriate coordination with our neurobiology. This process regarded to several aspects. First is an aspect which related to our assumption as speaker about the interlocutor knowledge (someone which with who we speak). Speaking will have no meaning if the interlocutor does not know what we speak, and then we have to know what the interlocutor knows.
Second is that each speaker practice the cooperative principle. Mean that the speaker will give the clear information in order not to be incompatible. In other side we have to see pragmatic aspect of our utterance such as the differences dialects in Bali, Java, Madura, and Sunda which is the society life in each area is represented with their language.

Language and Dialects

Many speakers do experience difficulty in deciding whether what they speak is should be called a language or a dialect of language. Haugen (1966) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous term. Ordinary people quite freely to speak about various situation, but the scholars often get difficulty to deal with this problem.

In case of the Greek language, Haugen argues that language can be used to refer to a single linguistic norm or to a group of related of related norms., and dialects to refer to one of the norm; but the norm themselves are not static.

In general usage, it remains undefined whether such a dialects are part of the ‘language’ or not. In fact, the dialect is often considered as a standing outside the language. As a social norm, the dialects is a language excluded from polite norm. Language and dialects may be employed virtually interchangeably. In some cases, it depends on entirely on extra linguistic consideration, particularly in certain political or social factors.

Language and Society

Our knowledge of Language

In the way of human communication, mostly there is a code that we may call it as a language. The speakers can switch or mix the code and they have a system (grammar) in using their language. In practice, it is not easy for the linguistics to describe the knowledge about the language that people speak and put that as grammatical rules. Today, most of the linguists agree that the speaker knowledge of language is something quite abstract but a communal possession.  It explains about the rules and ways of saying and doing things with sounds, words and sentences.

Relationship between Language and Society

There is variety of possible relationship between language and society. One is that social structure may influence or determine the linguistics structure and/or behavior. The second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first; linguistic structure and/or behavior may influence or determine the the social structure. The third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other. A variant of this approach is dialectical in nature. The fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure. Both of them are independent of the other.

According to Gumperz (1971), a sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistics structure and to observe any changes that occur. Social structure itself may be measured by reference to such factors as social class and educational background, and verbal behavior and performance may be related to these factors.

On the other side, Hymes has pointed out that a mechanical combination of standard linguistics and standard sociology is not sufficient to add a speechless sociology to a sociology free-linguistics may miss what is important in the relationship between language and society.