Microskills (attending to the smaller bits and chunk of language, in more of a bottom-up process) and macroskills (focusing on the larger elements involved in a top-down approach to a listening task).
Micro and macroskills of listening (adapted from Rischard, 1983)
Microskills : Discriminate among the distinctive sound od English, Retain chunks of language of different lengths in short-terms memory, Recognize English stress pattern, recognize reduced forms of words, distinguish word bondaries, recognize a core of words, process speech at different rates of delivery, process speech containing pause, error, corrections, and other performance variables, recognize grammatical word clases, detect sentence constituents and distinguish between major and minorconstituens, recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms, recognize cohesive devices in spoken.
Macroskills: recognize the communicative functions of utterances, infer situations, participants, goals using-world knowledge, distinguish between literal and implied meanings, use facial, kinesic, body language, develop and use a battery of listening strategies.
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