Person, Place and Time in Deixis Theory- According to Karl Buhler (in Renkema, 1993: 77), There are three types of deixis, namely person deixis, place deixis, and time deixis. Those types of deixis will be explained descriptively below:
Person Deixis
Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker the addressee, and referents which are neither speaker nor addressee. (Levinson, 1983: 62). Person deixis is commonly expressed by the following kinds of constituents: Pronouns Possessive affixes of nouns Agreement affixes of verbs. In addition, Renkema (1993: 77) states that person deixis is realized with personal pronouns. The speaker as first person, "I," directs the utterance to the listener as second person, "You," and could be talking about a third person, "he" or "she.
Place Deixis
Place deixis can be described along many of the same parameters that apply to time deixis. So, the references to place can be absolute or rational in nature. Absolute references to place locate an object or person in a specific longitude and latitude, while relational references locate people and places in terms of each other and the speaker (cummings, 2005: 26) I
n addition, Levinson (1992: 62) says that place deixis concerns with the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event. There are proximal (close to speaker) and distal (non-proximal, sometimes close to addressee).
Time Deixis
Time deixis would seem to be a simple form of deixis. The language resources are the adjectives of time in the line"…yesterday….now…tomorrow…" and the verb tenses. (Renkema, 1993: 79). In addition, Levinson (1992:62) argues that time deixis concerns with the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time in which an utterance was spoken. Both time and place deixis are greatly complicated by the interaction of deictic co – ordinates with the non – deictic conceptualization of time and space. To understand these aspects of deixis in depth it is first necessary to have a good understanding of the semantic organization of space and time in general.
Person Deixis
Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker the addressee, and referents which are neither speaker nor addressee. (Levinson, 1983: 62). Person deixis is commonly expressed by the following kinds of constituents: Pronouns Possessive affixes of nouns Agreement affixes of verbs. In addition, Renkema (1993: 77) states that person deixis is realized with personal pronouns. The speaker as first person, "I," directs the utterance to the listener as second person, "You," and could be talking about a third person, "he" or "she.
Place Deixis
Place deixis can be described along many of the same parameters that apply to time deixis. So, the references to place can be absolute or rational in nature. Absolute references to place locate an object or person in a specific longitude and latitude, while relational references locate people and places in terms of each other and the speaker (cummings, 2005: 26) I
n addition, Levinson (1992: 62) says that place deixis concerns with the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event. There are proximal (close to speaker) and distal (non-proximal, sometimes close to addressee).
Time Deixis
Time deixis would seem to be a simple form of deixis. The language resources are the adjectives of time in the line"…yesterday….now…tomorrow…" and the verb tenses. (Renkema, 1993: 79). In addition, Levinson (1992:62) argues that time deixis concerns with the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time in which an utterance was spoken. Both time and place deixis are greatly complicated by the interaction of deictic co – ordinates with the non – deictic conceptualization of time and space. To understand these aspects of deixis in depth it is first necessary to have a good understanding of the semantic organization of space and time in general.
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