Morphological Errors (Only morphemes)

      
a)    Morpheme shift
I haven't satten down and writ__ it (I haven't sat down and written it)
I had forgot__ aboutten it (I had forgotten about it)
He point__ outed that . . . (He pointed out that . . .)
You __ have to do learn that (you do have to learn)
what that add__ ups to (adds up to)
who could __form at a . . . (perform at a higher level)
b)    Morpheme substitutions
Sometimes I have putten it in . . . (Sometimes I put  it in . . .)
a timeful remark (timely)
By his own admittance (admission)
Where's the fire distinguisher? (Where's the fire extinguisher?)
In accordance with those types of speech error classification, there are also some types which is considered as speech error
a.    Silent Pause    : it is a condition by which the pausing is exists during the speech. There is a period of no speech between words speech of talking. For example, turn on the // heater switch.
b.    Filled pause    : it is a gap which is filled by a…. ah,,,, er…. uumm.. etc. for example  turn on, ummm, the heater switch.
c.    Repeats        : basically the speaker intends to say something, though he/she makes speech error through repeating one of the words in a row. For example, turn on the heater/ the heater switch.
 

Types of Speech Error

Types of Speech Error

A.    Phonological Substitutions (Only lexemes)

a)    Perseveration

·    John gave the goy a ball (John gave the boy a ball)

b)    Anticipation

·    alsho share (also share)

c)    Feature Substitution

·    tap stobs ([^Voiced]) (tab stops)

·    Cedars of Lemadon ([^Nasal]) Cedars of Lebanon

B.    Lexical (Word) Selection Errors (Only lexemes)

a)    Semantically Based Substitution Errors

v    Antonym Substitution

It's too damn hot . . . , I mean, cold in here

He rode his bicycle tomorrow (yesterday)

All I need is something for my elbows (shoulders)

v    Synonym Substitution is not perceived as an error:

I was starving (ravenous)

on the couch (sofa)

on the pier (dock)

b)    Phonologically Based Word Substitutions

He has a new commuter (computer)

The instructions gave no inclination . . . indication as to how to do it

verbal outfit (output)

his immoral soul (immortal)

c)    Word Substitutions with Morphological Stranding

they are Turking talkish (talking Turkish)

it waits to pay (pays to wait)

you have to square it facely (face it squarely)

d)    Blends (Only lexemes)

My stummy hurts (stomach/tummy)

There's a dreeze blowing through the room (draft/breeze)

It was maistly, ah, mostly his doing (mainly/mostly)

At the end of todays lection (lecture/lesson)

This is not much of a universary (university/nursery)

e)    General Malapropisms : penggunaan kata yang tidak tepat.

a peckeral (cockerel)

He picked some gutter pups (butter cups)

I'm ravished! (ravenous!)

It's the Chinese who practice Acapulco (acupuncture)

He was concreted (cremated)

f)    Spoonerisms (Can you figure out the targets?)

Work is the curse of the drinking class.

You have hissed all the mystery lectures, I saw you fight that liar behind the gymnasium, and, in short, you have tasted the whole worm (Reverend Spooner)

Speech Error

Definition

Speech Error is the disruption in the production of speech through a conscious or unconscious linguistic deviation from the apparently intended form of an utterance. Linguistic speech error analysis is based on the hypothesis that the phenomena of deviation observable in different components are limited by the structure of the language and can be described and explained on the basis of grammatical units and regularities and that speech errors cause one to posit inferences to basic mental abilities and representations. (Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics).General Classification of Speech Error

Broadly speaking, there are two major point of speech error classification. The first is called as Articulation disorder. It is deviation or confusion of the main articulator such as the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, glottis, and the tongue
The second is Phonological Disorder. It is the condition when people could not be able to identify the differences between particular phonemes, for example between /k/ and /t/ in the word “call” and “tall”. However, different pronunciation will lead to different meaning.

Causes of Speech Error
Since it happens either consciously or unconsciously, the condition of the speaker however influences the speech error production. It commonly occurs when speaker is nervous, tired, anxiety, or intoxicated. When people are nervous or anxiety, the metabolism in their body declines which causes the signal inside the body transfers impulse to the brain.

In addition, it derives the adrenalin hormone to do harder which finally engages the heart. This condition consequently influences the irregularity of people. Because of this biological condition, people are stuttering when they are nervous or anxiety.

There is also a physical aspect that causes speech error. For instance, genetic syndrome like Down Syndrome, Speech Development like Autism, Hearing Loss, Illness, Neurological Disorder. Some people with speech problems, particularly articulation disorders, may have hearing problems. Even mild hearing loss may have an impact on how a person reproduces the sounds they hear. Certain birth defects, such as a cleft palate, can interfere with someone's ability to produce speech.

When a person has a cleft palate there is a hole in the roof of the mouth, which affects the movement of air through the oral and nasal passages. There also may be problems with other structures needed for speech, including the lips, teeth, and jaw.

Genetics may also play a role in some speech problems. For example, stuttering seems to run in some families. But in some cases, no one knows exactly what causes a person to have speech problems.